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3:38 20年前柏林墙坍塌,将东欧各国送上了民主化的道路。十年前北约东进以及五年前欧盟扩张,为东欧带来了一场经济繁荣。今天全球陷入同步衰退,金融危机此起彼伏,东欧经济面临着崩溃的威胁,而此又可能反过来影响世界经济和市场。东欧火药库的导火索,在嗞嗞作响。
东欧各国今天的经济数据,几乎重组了1997年亚洲金融危机前亚洲国家所有的病症:信贷无节制扩张、过度投资、巨额贸易赤字、严重依赖外债、外汇储备不足、政府无能。90年代末美国消费上升,亚洲国家依靠强劲的出口,稳定住了汇率,并将经济推回正常的轨道。东欧国家今天面对的,却是萧条的欧洲市场和衰退中的全球经济。
欧盟东扩,为东欧国家带来了历史性的机遇,西欧市场门庭洞开、海外投资涌入、大批劳工在欧洲找到薪水高出许多的工作,东欧经济出现了空前的繁荣。
同时,东欧又是全球信贷泡沫的主要受益人之一。笔者认为,继美国CDO、英国房地产、能源商品价格之后,东欧乃葛林斯班泡沫的第四大得益者,外围的流动性触发了国内的信贷扩张和资产价格上升。
2005年之后,西欧银行大举入侵东欧,收购本地银行作为贷款的窗口。西欧经济长期不景,业务扩张空间有限,迫使它们面向海外市场。欧盟东扩,将新兴欧洲变成发达欧洲的后花园,欧洲的跨国金融机构蜂拥而至。这些被收购的本地银行的内部监管并未达到标准,但又获得了跨国集团的资金来源,信贷于是像“爆米花”一样膨胀起来。经济的景气和资产的升值,刺激起更大的信心,外债滚起雪球,外资银行的贷款在之后的三年飙升三倍,总额达到1.656万亿美元。
一场突如其来的金融海啸,打破了信贷─经济─资产价格的正面互动,外资开始撤离。债券市场信心低迷,过去很容易做的再融资,变得几乎不可能。没有资本流入来支持贸易逆差,汇率开始贬值,加深了资金对偿付能力的担心。于是恶化循环启动,信心动摇。东欧在今年有2,000亿美元债务需要再融资,同时需要1,000-1,500亿美元来解决银行坏帐。在目前的市场环境下,依靠市场资金供应,根本是不可能的。
实体经济所面临的挑战同样严峻。西欧已陷入战后最严重的衰退,失业飙升,需求大减,东欧制造业的出口订单急剧萎缩。同时,在各国打工的外劳纷纷被裁,海外工人的汇款金额势必大受影响。东欧地区除个别国家外,今年经济基本上都是负增长。经济形势恶化,必然导致企业倒闭潮,再影响金融行业的健康。
IMF开始出手拯救有需要的国家,不过开出的药方却十分苦涩。IMF要求紧缩财政和货币政策,这对已经陷入衰退的东欧国家经济不啻雪上加霜,并触发一系列社会矛盾、甚至政治动荡。接受IMF162亿美元援助的乌克兰,在几个月内便偏离IMF所订的重整方案,凸显其对社会、政治的负作用。
其它拒绝参加IMF计划的国家,则通过扩张性政策来刺激经济,希望经济的好转可以最终走出债务陷阱。不过降息的后果是资金外流,汇率贬值,甚至可能导致国家主权评级被调低,令再融资变得更困难。
东欧危机的致命伤是汇率暴跌。新兴市场本来就在高息借贷,一旦汇率再贬30%,便将原来有偿还能力的企业也推向违约。企业破产反过来拖垮银行系统,使实体经济全面崩溃。当年亚洲金融危机的传导机制,似乎在东欧重演。
东欧经济迈向深度调整,已难避免。这场危机会如何牵连欧洲银行,甚至触发全球范围内新的金融海啸更值得关注。奥地利的银行借给东欧3,000亿美元,相当于该国GDP的68%。如果加上由意大利拥有的奥地利银行的贷款,总贷款额等于全国GDP。在东欧所借的1657亿美元外债中,属于欧洲银行的占到1511亿(为其对新兴市场贷款总额的45%)。次贷危机爆发迄今,欧洲银行所受到的打击如美国银行一样沉重,而且欧洲的杠杆率却迟迟降不下来。东欧破产一定会使欧洲银行的资本金再受重创,如果没有政府施以援手,信用评级可能被调低,资本成本上升,甚至遭到挤提。
欧洲政府在出手救援银行上向来迟缓,而且各有盘算。一旦危机爆发,延误时机是一大风险。欧洲央行的唯一政策目标是维护价格稳定,不像联储,它连区域内银行都不能充当最后救援人(lender of last resort),遑论拯救东欧。东欧危机目前并不是整个区域的全面危机,波罗第海国家的情况好过乌克兰,波兰和捷克的情况好过匈牙利和罗马尼亚,总体上危机仍在可控范围之内,但是如果听由危机发展、蔓延,则可能变得不可收拾,最终影响欧洲银行的资产质量。
一旦欧洲银行出事,会不会像去年美国银行不稳,带来整个市场的连锁坍塌和资本价格新一轮调整?只有时间可以给出答案。
(本文原载于台湾经济日报,为作者个人观点,并非投资建议或劝诱)
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Source : HKEJ
2009年3月3日
滙豐控股(005)昨天公布二○○八年全年業績,純利大跌近七成,錄得五十七億三千萬元(美元.下同),遠低於市場預期的近百億元水平。在金融海嘯下,今次是集團繼二○○一年後再度出現業績倒退,更是滙控歷史上首次出現半年度虧損。
滙控業績令市場失望,主要因為貸款減值及信貸風險準備上升近四成五,至二百四十九億四千萬元;又要為北美個人理財業務作商譽減值一百零五億六千萬元,令除稅前利潤下跌六成二,至九十三億元;每股盈利零點四七元,降七成二;而貸款仍有減值壓力。
未來一年日子「難捱」
與個人理財相關的貸款減值及信貸風險準備,佔七十七億元,整體增幅多達五十一億元;而個人理財業務去年由盈轉虧,除稅前錄得虧損一百一十億元(去年同期有盈利五十九億元),主要為北美貸款減值準備;反映資產質素被北美嚴重拖低。
集團主席葛霖強調,減值純屬一次性的非現金安排,撇除的話,盈利實際上只回落一成八,除稅前利潤仍達一百九十九億元。他又形容.在同業中滙控的業績表現已算「夠韌力」( resilient ) ,但承認未來十二個月的日子「難捱」。
環球銀行及資本市場業務除稅前利潤亦下跌四成三,至三十四億八千萬元。在六十一億元的撇減中,五十四億元涉及信貸交易、槓桿及債券承保信貸風險,其餘七億元涉及可供出售資產抵押證券,以及所持金融機構債務及優先股的減值。
在貸款減值及風險撥備中,環球銀行及資本市場業務所佔的撥備由三千八百萬元升至十四億七千萬元,反映去年信貸環境惡化迫使銀行倒閉;撥備包括價值已下跌約一百六十五億元的可供出售證券(AFS);但集團只能確認二億八千萬元減值虧損。
此外,集團同時要為馬多夫詐騙案,在環球銀行及資本市場業務項目下撥減近十億美元。不過,集團行政總裁紀勤【熒幕】透露,集團在今年一月表現強勁,遠勝預期,其中以環球銀行及資本市場業務的表現最為出色。
歐洲資產質素恐轉差
對於市場憂慮在金融海嘯第二波下,集團在歐洲的資產質素將轉差。紀勤強調,滙控一直有謹慎監察資產質素,例如早在二○○六年便因為英國市場「見頂」而減少在當地貸款,至去年才決定重返市場;而集團目前在東歐市場的參與仍未算高。
滙控去年歐洲區的除稅前盈利上升二成六,至一百零八億七千萬元,主要受惠出售法國地區分行網絡,獲利二十四億四千萬元及債務公允值重估;若撇除,則下跌二成六,至五十五億七千萬元;其中英國及法國二地業務已佔四十二億九千萬元。
集團去年併合資產規模達二萬五千三百億元,近五千億元屬衍生金融產品,其中佔百分之二是以第三級(Level 3 basis)作「估值」;併合資產中又約有三千億元為財務投資,其中五百六十億元屬AFS,包括部分由美國政府發行的證券資產。
葛霖認為,亞洲、中東及拉丁美洲部分地區增長仍將強勁,並繼續超越西方各國,故未來集中擴展新興市場的策略正確。不過,在全球衰退的大環境下,有關地區的增長難免放緩;同時,信貸供應亦有進一步壓力,以新興市場的情況最為嚴重。
對全球收購仍持開放態度
他說,受金融海嘯衝擊,不少歐美銀行目前已把業務撤回本地市場,增加行業併購的機會,集團對新興市場以至全球收購仍抱開放態度,但強調目前並無收購計劃。今次集資所得將用作加強資本,對併購壯大及內部增長都有好處。
截至去年十二月底止,客戶貸存比率達八成四,淨利息收益四百二十五億六千萬元,按年增加一成三。計入商譽減值後,成本效益比率由二○○七年的百分之四十九點四,上升至百分之六十點一;撇除商譽減損的話,則回落至百分之四十七點二■
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Source : HKEJ
2009年3月3日
滙控去年度業績遠差預期,兼且要供股集資及削減派息,滙控高層亦放棄收取花紅。作為滙控主席葛霖本人已由二○○七年起不再收取任何現金花紅。他在業績報告中表示,集團將不會就二○○八年授出任何業績表現獎勵股份。
滙控行政總裁紀勤、環球銀行及資本市場兼環球投資管理業務行政總裁歐智華、以及財務董事范智廉均已向薪酬委員會提出,放棄去年任何花紅獎勵。去年所有執行董事亦不會獲發現金花紅。 葛霖指出,部分地區高層仍獲派花紅,不過當中英國地區的管理層已選擇不會收取去年花紅。另外,滙豐亞太區行政總裁霍嘉治表示,將繼續控制成本,裁員只會是集團最後的一步。
滙豐香港去年員工約有二萬一千二百九十人,去年上半年員工數目為二萬二千零七十二人。滙豐正式公布在香港裁減五百五十人,其餘為自然流失■
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22:50 昔日招行以每股156.5 元高價,共耗資達360億元收購永隆銀行。以今天的環境而言,招行於08年財務報表需要為約232億港元(*360億元收購價- 08年6月永隆NAV 118億元 = 232億元商譽) 的永隆商譽作出部份減值已經是不爭事實,問題是撇帳金額需要多少而已。
以現時本港中小型銀行市值一般由高位下跌七至八成而言,相信招行需要為永隆商譽減值的金額應該不菲。雖然如此,假如招行於08年預先為永隆商譽作出大額減值(*機會相對較大),那麼這對招行於09年和往後的盈利壓力和估值不確定性就會變得較少。
除此之外,招行與永隆銀行的收購整合進度如何? 永隆銀行能否為招行帶來盈利貢獻?是否正如管理層預期,招行收購永隆將能夠為其於日後爭取更多的香港人民幣離岸市場份額? 國內華東和華南地區受到海外經濟衰退對其信貸壞賬的衝擊多少? 08年12月至09年1月招行大量增加信貸額會否加大壞賬風險? 這些問題亦是市場焦點所在。
根據往績參考,現階段我對招行管理層的能力和其前景看法仍然是感到樂觀,不過一切還需要留意招行的08年業績才行。
招行秦曉:稍後公布為永隆銀行商譽撥備數額
(經濟通)3月3日 星期二
《經濟通通訊社兩會採訪組3日北京專電》招商銀行(03968)(滬:600036)董事長秦曉出席全國政協會議時表示,稍後招行公布業績時,將會披露永隆銀行作出商譽撥備數額。
他指出,不能說當時全購時價格太高,有價值就可以,而購買永隆銀行並不是短期一、兩年的事,而是經過認真考慮才作出的決定,他認為透過整合是有價值的。
秦曉:招行(03968.HK)收購永隆作價偏高
2009年2月27日 11:49:12 a.m. HKT, AAFN
據內地報道引述,招行(03968.HK)董事長秦曉承認,去年提購永隆銀行作價偏高,但不出高價收購,賣方未必願意讓出股權。相信永隆銀行今年將會有盈利貢獻。
永隆商譽減值成最大懸念
北京新浪網 (2009-03-02 05:12)
『不好說啊,不太確定。』當中國證券報記者讓分析師們給出對招商銀行的每股淨利潤預測時,得到了許多這樣的回答。分析師們表示,由於招行沒有公布永隆商譽減值的方法和具體數額,目前很難准確評估其08年的淨利潤,也更難看准其09年的業績表現。
『目前我們給出的盈利預測都是在不考慮併購永隆因素的基礎上的,因為永隆的商譽減值有很大的不確定性。』國泰君安金融業分析師伍永剛表示,去年招行收購永隆的價格比較高,如今香港中小型銀行的市值大降,招行肯定要為永隆商譽減值計提撥備,這部分撥備會影響招行近幾年的淨利潤,但至於撥備金額到底多少和分幾年計提,招行目前都沒有公布,要等到08年年報出來方見分曉。
國海證券的金融分析師馮偉也表達了類似的觀點。去年招行以近360億港元收購永隆銀行,比6月末永隆銀行的淨資產118億港元高出232億港元。『這部分溢價如何進行商譽減值對招行08年和09年的淨利潤至關重要,招行方面表示正在請評估公司進行減值測試,所以我們很難預測。』而且,永隆被收購後已經從港交所退市,目前並沒有公布去年四季度的盈利情況,這也給招行的估值帶來一定困難。
接受採訪的幾位分析師表示,唯一確定的是,招行要約收購永隆股權46.88%的部分,將按財政部二號准則《關於上市公司海外兼並收購財務報表的處理方式》處理。也就是說這部分即使做了減值測試後,存在減值可能,也不會衝減淨利潤,而是對沖資本公積。影響損益表的是收購永隆股權的53.12%這部分。『這部分不可能一次性攤掉,因為攤銷後不能再沖回來,招行可能會分幾年計提撥備,』世紀證券金融業分析師俞衝表示,招行可能以後每年都做減值測試,將永隆未來五到八年的經營現金流折現,與對價相比較,如果有差值就減。
伍永剛認為,在上市銀行中,招行經營能力和風險控制能力較強,零售業務優勢明顯,但公司目前最大不確定性在於永隆商譽減值問題。如果招行08年計提了較多的撥備,那麼它09年的盈利壓力就會小很多;如果08年計提較少的撥備,09年的盈利增長將會面臨很大壓力。
至於永隆銀行何時為招行貢獻利潤,分析師們則存在一定的分歧。有分析師認為,永隆銀行目前公布的投資外國債券敞口不大,而且大部分應該已經處理了,如果整合順利的話,今年就能對招行產生利潤貢獻。然而,也有分析師指出,香港銀行業受金融風暴衝擊很大,今年經營環境更加困難,永隆銀行09年實現盈利比較困難,可能拖累招行的業績。
不過,招行方面對於永隆銀行的整合信心十足。招商銀行副行長、永隆銀行CEO朱琦在接受中國證券報記者採訪時曾表示,目前永隆員工士氣十分高漲,在公司業務、信用卡業務和技術改造等方面的整合都非常順利,『招行希望能夠在3年到5年內讓市場看到更清晰的戰略脈絡和整合後協同效應的釋放,也一定會讓投資者看到物有所值。』招商銀行董事長日前在香港也表示,永隆銀行今年將有利潤貢獻。他承認收購時的作價略高,但指若定價不是這個水平,對方未必願意出售。
永隆銀行成立于1933年,是香港第四大本地獨立銀行,旗下擁有保險、財務、證券、信托、期貨等多家全資子公司,業務範圍涵蓋多個領域。
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Source : SCMP
Natalie Chiu Mar 03, 2009
HSBC (SEHK: 0005) Group chairman Stephen Green, chief executive Michael Geoghegan and four other executive directors at the London lender did not receive bonuses for last year, the bank disclosed yesterday.
As a result, their total compensation dropped considerably from 2007 levels.
Mr Geoghegan remained the top earner with total pay and benefits of £1.67 million (HK$18.29 million) last year, still 53 per cent lower than in 2007 when he earned £3.54 million.
Mr Green received £1.27 million in total compensation as chairman, down 58 per cent from 2007.
Vincent Cheng, HSBC's chairman for Asia-Pacific, received £1.15 million in salary, allowances and benefits. He was named a director in February last year.
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Source : SCMP
Reuters in Hong Kong 4:38pm, Mar 03, 2009
HSBC Holdings (SEHK: 0005) , which walked away from a US$6.3 billion agreement to buy a South Korean bank last year, continues to watch for deals in the country, its Asia chief executive said on Tuesday.
Sandy Flockhart also said the UK-based lender remains on the lookout for potential buys in mainland, India, Indonesia and Taiwan, but said the bank’s strategy remains focused on building on its existing platform.
“Korea is in an important part of the overall structure we have within Asia,” Mr Flockhart said, a day after HSBC announced a US$17.7 billion capital-raising to shore up a balance sheet battered by exposure to the US consumer finance sector.
News of the capital raising, alongside a 62 per cent drop last year profit and a cut its dividend, sent HSBC’s Hong Kong-listed shares down as much as 19.4 per cent on Tuesday.
The South Korean banking sector is hampered by the concentration of major players over a small number of market segments and a relatively restrictive regulatory environment.
“In terms of real growth there, it’s difficult organically to do that because there’s a lot of very well-structured competitors,” Mr Flockhart said. “if we are going to grow in Korea we’d have to do that at some point in time through acquisition, and we just have to see if that opportunity arises.”
Last year, HSBC abandoned a deal to buy 51 per cent of Korea Exchange Bank after delays in winning regulatory approval and as global financial markets worsened.
Sung Byung-soo, an analyst at Prudential Investment & Securities, said there is little for HSBC to buy in South Korea.
“There isn’t any clear candidate for an acquisition right now. Citibank Korea could be put up for sale one day, but it is extremely difficult to raise that possibility now, with what’s happening to the company in the US,” he said, referring to battered Citigroup.
HSBC, meanwhile, is adapting in other markets where its footprint is comparatively small.
In Japan, Sri Lanka, Thailand and New Zealand, the bank has consolidated its corporate and commercial banking operations over the past 6 or 7 months, Mr Flockhart said.
“We’re preventing overlap and having a more focused approach to these markets,” Mr Flockhart said.
HSBC continues to look at potential acquisitions in other key Asia markets, Flockhart said. Since late 2007, for example, it has struck deals to buy banks in Taiwan and Indonesia.
“Obviously Taiwan; China, if the opportunities arose there in the fields in which we’re interested, insurance and banking; Obviously Indonesia, if we saw opportunities there,” he said.
“Equally as well in India, if the opportunity arose to obtain a larger footprint, we’d have to consider that,” Mr Flockhart said.
21:33
Source : SCMP
ANALYSIS
Tom Holland Mar 03, 2009
The first time most investors in Hong Kong became aware of the subprime mortgage crisis was in February 2007, when HSBC Holdings (SEHK: 0005) shocked the market with its first-ever profit warning.
That alert was prompted by a sharp rise in defaults at HSBC's US consumer finance unit, acquired in the bank's US$15 billion takeover of Household International in 2003.
At the time, HSBC's bosses tried hard to sound reassuring. "We are on top of the situation," chief executive Michael Geoghegan promised analysts, "and we will resolve it."
His reassurances were premature. As losses on the bank's US loan book mounted, HSBC's share price plunged.
Yesterday, with the stock down 60 per cent from the date of that first warning (see the first chart), Mr Geoghegan and his colleagues attempted to draw a final line under the Household purchase.
"With the benefit of hindsight, this is an acquisition we wish we had not undertaken," admitted chairman Stephen Green, as he announced the US consumer finance unit would close to new business, shut most of its branches and run off its remaining assets.
Simultaneously, HSBC wrote off the entire US$10.6 billion in goodwill that remained on its balance sheet from the Household purchase - hammering 2008 earnings per share to below even Asian financial crisis levels (see the second chart) - and launched a US$17.7 billion five-for-12 rights issue to shore up the bank's sagging capital base.
Both Mr Geoghegan and Mr Green are hoping yesterday's actions and the rights issue will persuade investors that the bank's ill-advised venture into the US consumer finance market is history.
That might prove a tall order.
Granted, in the short term, shareholders are likely to take up the bulk of HSBC's rights issue. The 50 per cent discount to Friday's closing price in Hong Kong should be sufficiently steep to tempt retail investors, while institutions will have little choice but to stump up the cash if they want to maintain their weighting in the stock.
In any case, bolstering the bank's capital position is likely to be seen as a prudent move in uncertain times, which will put a welcome end to damaging rumours. And despite the dilutive effect on dividends and earnings per share, most long-term investors will prefer a rights issue to other methods of raising capital, such as selling off choice assets.
Yet whether HSBC can convince investors that it has finally put all its troubles behind it is doubtful.
Even after its latest write-down, the bank retains assets valued at US$100 billion in its North American "run-off portfolio". That exposure could still prove a drag on future performance, with Mr Green estimating that each additional percentage point rise in the US unemployment rate is likely to push up bad-loan provisions by between US$700 million and US$1.5 billion. In other words, if US unemployment returns to its 1982 high of 10.8 per cent from 7.2 per cent at the end of last year, HSBC could be forced to set aside a further US$5.4 billion in provisions against its Household legacy.
Even that sum could be insufficient. Yesterday, disgruntled HSBC shareholder Knight Vinke Asset Management estimated the bank could still sustain losses of a further US$34 billion on its subprime portfolio.
Meanwhile, with business conditions in HSBC's Asian markets still deteriorating, provisions against losses from the region are bound to rise, eating further into profits. As a result, even though most investors will back HSBC's rights issue, they are unlikely to be entirely convinced Mr Geoghegan and his team can handle the crisis successfully, two years after they first said they were on top of the situation.
21:22
Source : SCMP
Agence France-Presse, Reuters in London 6:02pm, Mar 03, 2009
Standard Chartered, the emerging markets bank, said on Tuesday that its net profits jumped a fifth to US$3.41 billion last year, leaving it well-placed to tackle the Asia slowdown.
Despite the lift in profits after tax, Standard Chartered was not immune to rising bad debts linked to the credit crisis, as it wrote off US$1.79 billion last year, more than double the amount of US$818 million in 2007.
“To deliver record results in this exceptional environment is a great achievement,” the bank’s acting chairman John Peace said in the group’s earnings statement.
Chief executive Peter Sands said the best way to continue delivering shareholder value was through Standard Chartered’s “rigorous focus on Asia, Africa and the Middle East” in addition to a “prudent approach to liquidity and capital” and “continued discipline in cost and risk management”.
Mr Sands said Asian banks were far better placed to withstand the financial crisis than their western peers that are losing billions of dollars because of the credit crisis and issuing new shares to boost capital.
“While Asian banks are feeling the stress, as dollar liquidity dries up and the credit environment deteriorates, they are on the whole in much better shape than many counterparts in the west,” Mr Sands said in the statement.
“The ingredients of the banking crisis in the UK and the US, the over-leverage, overcomplexity and opacity, are not present to nearly the same extent.”
A company is described as highly “leveraged” if it finances its activities by relying heavily on borrowed money.
Mr Sands added that it was “also unwise to draw too many analogies” to the Asian financial crisis of the 1990s.
“In fact, the resilience of Asia owes much to lessons learnt from that experience. This time most countries have substantial foreign currency reserves and strong fiscal positions. This time most businesses have relatively conservative balance sheets,” he stressed.
As for Standard Chartered, Mr Sands said that the second biggest British banking group after HSBC (SEHK: 0005) “was focused on building balance sheet strength and on maintaining high levels of liquidity”, adding that it is “on a firm footing for the challeges and opportunities that will come during this year”.
Standard Chartered were up 3.6 per cent at 608 pence (HK$66.80) by 5.40pm HK time, down from a high at 661 pence but still the top gainer on London’s blue-chip FTSE 100 index and outperforming a 1.5 per cent fall for European peers.
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